What is manufacturing? How does manufacturing leads to value addition.P-65 Answer:- Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing
The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries. Discuss P-65 Answer:- Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular mainly because–
Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India. It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous.
India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing
Manufacturing Sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular. Discuss P-65
Answer: - Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular mainly because–
Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India. It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous.
India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing
Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other they move hand in hand. Discuss P-65
Answer: - Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand. For instance, the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers.
Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very efficient
Answer: - Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand. For instance, the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers. Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very efficient.
In the present day of globalization our industry needs to be more efficient and competitive. Discuss P-66
Answer: - In the present day world of globalisation, our industry needs to be more efficient and competitive. Self-sufficiency alone is not enough. Our manufactured goods must be at par in quality with those in the international market. Only then, will we be able to compete in the international market.
What steps have been taken for increasing industrial production? P-66
Answer: - Steps that can be taken for increasing industrial production are
Appropriate policy interventions by the government
Renewed efforts by the industry to improve productivity,
The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with this objective.
What are the factors that influence location of an industry? P-66
Answer: - Industrial locations are complex in nature. These are influenced by
availability of raw material,
labour,
capital,
power and
market,
Industrialization and urbanization goes hand in hand. Discuss P-66
Answer:- Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand. Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labor, consultants and financial advice, etc. to the industry.
What do you understand by agglomeration economies? P-66
Answer: - Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies. Gradually, a large industrial agglomeration takes place.
What are the factors that influence the location of an industry? What is the key factor for location of an industry? P-66
Answer: - Industrial locations are complex in nature. These are influenced by
• Availability of raw material,
• Labour,
• Capital,
• Power and
• Market,
The key to decision of the factory location is the least cost. Government policies and specialised labour also influence the location of industry.
Which factor plays the most important role in location of an industry? Explain any three reasons in support of this factor. P-66
What are inputs? What are the four factors of production? P-66
How can the industries be classified on the basis of source of raw material? P-67
Answer: - On the basis of source of raw materials used:
• Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
• Mineral based: iron and steel, cement, aluminum, machine tools, petrochemicals.
How can industries be classified on the basis of their main role? P-67
Answer: - According to their main role:
• Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
• Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.
How can industries be classified on the bases of capital investment? P-67
Answer: - On the basis of capital investment:
• A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. At present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore. If investment is more than one crore on any industry then it is known as a large scale industry
How can industries be classified on the basis of ownership? P-67
Answer: - On the basis of ownership industries are classified as :
• Public sector, owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.
• Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
• Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.
• Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala
How can industries be classified on the basis of bulky and weight of raw material? P-67
Answer: - Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods:
• Heavy industries such as iron and steel
• Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries
What are agro-based industries? Give to examples. P-67
Answer: - Industries based on agricultural raw materials are called agro-based industries Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc.
How did the two world wars affect the Indian-cotton textile industry? P-68
Answer: - The two world wars were fought in Europe, India was a British colony. There was a demand for cloth in U.K. hence; they gave a boost to the development of the cotton textile industry.
In the early years of testing industry was concentrated in court and cotton growing regions of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Discuss P-68
Answer: - In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Availability of raw cotton,
Market,
Transport including accessible port facilities,
Labour,
Moist climate, etc. contributed towards its localisation.
Why is weaving highly decentralized? Give the reasons. P-68
Answer: - Weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc.
Spinning continues to be centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamilnadu. Discuss. P-68
Name the sector which has the largest loomage? Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector lower than, power sector loom age and handloom? P-68
Answer: - The sector which has the largest loomage is mills. It is important for our country to keep the mill sector lower then, power sector loom age and handloom so as to provide jobs
Why did Mahatma Gandhi emphasis on spinning yarns and weaving khadi? P-68
Answer: - Mahatma Gandhi emphasis on spinning yarns and weaving khadi so as to provide jobs
Which state has the maximum extent of cotton textile growth? Give reasons. P-69
Answer: - The cotton textile industry is concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The reasons for the same are
Availability of raw cotton,
Market,
Transport including accessible port facilities,
Labour,
Moist climate, etc.
Where is the woolen textile industries located in India? Give reasons. P-69
Why are we not able to consume the yarn that we produce? Discuss .P-70
We have a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn, accounting for one fourth of the total trade. However, our trade in garments is only 4 per cent of the world’s total. Our spinning mills are competitive at the global level and capable of using all the fiber’s we produce. The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country There are some large and modern factories in these segments, but most of the production is in fragmented small units, which cater to the local market. This mismatch is a major drawback for the industry.
What are the main problems confronting the cotton textile industries? P-70
Answer: - the main problems confronting the cotton textile industries are:
Power supply is erratic,
Machinery needs to be upgraded, in the weaving and processing sectors.
low output of labour and
Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.
What is a major drawback of our cotton textile industry? P-70
Answer: - Our spinning mills are competitive at the global level and capable of using all the fiber’s we produce. The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country There are some large and modern factories in these segments, but most of the production is in fragmented small units, which cater to the local market. This mismatch is a major drawback for the industry
Why is it important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities? P-70
Answer: - It is important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities Yarn is sold at lower price. If it is sold as a trouser it fetches higher price. Value is added at every stage from fibre to yarn to fabric and to garment.
Where was the first jute mill set up? What was the impact of partition on this industry?
Answer: - The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).
Why is jute textile industries located in Hugli basin?
Answer: - Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are:
Proximity of the jute producing areas,
Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills,
Abundant water for processing raw jute,
Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
Kolkata as a large urban centre provides
Banking,
Insurance and
Port facilities for export of jute goods.
What are the challenges faced by jute textile industry? P-70
Answer: - Challenges faced by the industry include stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand
What are the steps taken by the government to promote jute textile industry? P-70
Answer: - the steps taken by the government to promote jute textile industry
The internal demand has been on the increase due to the Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging.
To stimulate demand, the products need to be diversified.
In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity,
Improving quality,
Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and
Enhancing the yield per hectare.
What are the three main objectives of national jute policy? P-70
Answer: - In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity,
Improving quality,
Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and
Enhancing the yield per hectare.
Which factor has led to increase in demand for jute in recent years? P-70
Answer: - The growing global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable materials has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.
What are the three main products of the sugar cane industry? P-70
Answer: - the three main products of the sugar cane industry are: -
Sugar
Gur and
Khandsari.
What are the factors that influence the location of sugar mills P-71
The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces therefore the industry should be located near the area producing sugarcane.
Why is sugar the industry in cooperative sector? P-71
Answer: - sugar is ideally suited to the cooperative sector because: -
Sugar industry is seasonal in nature
Government usually provides jobs on permanent basis.
Farmers can organize themselves in cooperative and earn profit.
In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra, P-71
Answer: - In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra, This is because
The sugarcane produced here has higher sucrose content.
The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
The cooperatives are more successful in these states.
What are the Major challenges facing sugar industry? P-71
Answer: - Major challenges facing sugar industry are: -
The seasonal nature of the industry,
Old and inefficient methods of production,
Transport delay in reaching cane to factories and
The need to maximise the use of baggase.
What are Mineral based Industries? Give examples
Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries. For example
Iron and Steel Industry,
Aluminium Smelting,
Chemical Industries,
Cement Industry,
Fertiliser Industry etc.
Why is iron and steel Industry considered as a basic industry?
Answer: - The iron and steel Industry is the basic industry since all the other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defense, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
Production and consumption of steel is often regarded has the index of our country’s development Discuss P-71
Answer: - Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development because Iron and steel is a heavy industry all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1.Some quantities of manganese, are also required to harden the steel all this requires certain level of expertise which developed countries have
State the processes involved in the manufacturing of steel? : - P-71
Where should the steel plants be ideally located? P-71
The steel plants should be ideally located near the source of raw material because
Iron and steel is a heavy industry all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1.Some quantities of manganese, are also required to harden the steel
The finished products also need an efficient transport network for their distribution to the markets and consumers.
What is the advantage of mini steel plants? P-73
Answer: - The advantage of mini steel plants are : -
Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron.
They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well.
They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.
What is an an integrated steel plant?
Answer: - An integrated steel plant is large, handles everything in one complex – from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.
Explain the importance of SAIL and TISCO?
Answer: - All public sector undertakings market their steel through, Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) while TISCO markets its produce through Tata Steel.
What are the four factors that hamper the development of iron and steel industry? P-73
Answer: - India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet; we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to:
(a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal
(b) Lower productivity of labour
(c) Irregular supply of energy and
(d) Poor infrastructure.
What are the four factors that have led to the development of Chota Nagpur plateau as the hub of iron and steel industry? P-73
Answer: - Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. It is largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry. These include,
Low cost of iron ore,
High grade raw materials in proximity,
Cheap labour and
Vast growth potential in the home market
What are the factors that give boost to the iron and the steel industry? P-74
Answer: - Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs. There is a need to allocate resources for research and development to produce steel more competitively.
What are the factors that influence the location of aluminum industries? P-74
Answer: - Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for location of the industry.
What are the characters of aluminium that makes it important in metallurgical industries? P-74
Answer: - The characters of aluminium that makes it important in metallurgical industries are
It is light,
Resistant to corrosion,
A good conductor of heat,
Malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
What are the two uses of a aluminium? P-74
Answer: - Aluminium is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
Name the fertilizer plant under cooperative sector? Where is it located? P-75
Answer: - the fertilizer plant under cooperative sector is at Hazira in Gujarat under the Fertiliser Corporation of India.
Why are the inorganic industries widely spread where as the organic chemical industries are concentrated? P-75
The inorganic industries widely spread because it include chemicals like sulphuric acid ,nitric acid, alkalies soda ash and caustic soda and These are widely distributed over the country. Where as the organic chemical industries are concentrated as it includes petrochemicals that are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
The chemical industry is its own largest consumer discuss. P-75
Answer: - The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.
Where was the first cement plant located and when was it inaugurated? P-75
Answer: - The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.
What are the uses of cement? Also name the raw materials needed for the production of cement? P-75
Answer: - This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like
Limestone,
Silica,
Alumina and
Gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation.
What led to spurt growth in the cement industry? P-76
Decontrol of price and distribution
Other policy reforms led the cement industry to make rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production.
Where do we have a ready market for our export of cement? P-76
We have a ready market for our export of cement in East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia apart from a large demand within the country.
What are the factors that are led to the development of the automobile industry? P-76
Name the electronic capital of India? Explain the importance of software Technology Park? P-76
Bangalore has emerged as the electronic capital of India. software technology parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts.
How can environmental degradation be controlled? Write in three points P-78
What are the main culprits of water pollution? P-78
What are the sources of noise pollution? What are the impacts of noise pollution?
P-78
What are the impractises done from the nuclear plants? P-78
Explain the achievement of NTPC as an Environmental friendly organization?
P79
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