Development  Ch:1 

DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF PERSONS CAN BE DIFFERENT DISCUSS

• Landless rural labourers
• Prosperous farmers from Punjab
• Farmers who depend only on rain for growing crops
• A rural woman from a land owning family 

• Urban unemployed youth 
• A boy from a rich urban family 
• A girl from a rich urban family 
• An adivasi from Narmada valley

1. What is development?
2. Different persons can have different developmental goals, Discuss
• ANS Different person can have different developmental goals because they come from different backgrounds. For example, A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also shares in the household work. Her brother may not like this.
3. Different persons may have conflicting developmental goals.’ Explain
• ANS For example a rural landless farmer wants better wages whereas a richer farmer wants a hardworking and cheap Labour as a result it creates a conflicts between the landless farmer and the landlord,so people have conflicting development goals.
4. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other, Discuss
5.  For development, people look at a mix of goals
6. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
7. Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well. 
8. What is average income? What is another name of average income?
9. In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, What criterion is used in classifying countries. Discuss.
10. Define -
• Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year. 
• Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7-and-above age group. 
• Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
11. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any? 
12. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank? 
13.  Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development. 
14. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
15.  Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? 
16. What is BMI ? 
17. What is  HDI ? What are its 3 perimeters?
18. What is sustainable development 
19. What is the average income of a nation called? 
• ANS- PER CAPITAL INCOME
20. Why does Kerala have low infant mortality rate?
• ANS- Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
21. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives
22. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development

SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY

        

Chapter 2: Sectors of the Indian Economy

1. How can the Indian economy be classified 

• Ownership (Private Public and Joint)
• Nature of organisation (Organised /Unorganised)
• Types of economic activities (primary, secondary & tertiary)

1. Define the term

• NSSO (national sample survey organization) It is the organization under the ministry of statistics of the government.It surveys the employment and unemployment of the workers.
• NSO National Statistical Office 
• Why do you think MGNREGA 2005 is referred to as ‘Right to work’?
• MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act or MGNREGA in 2009, is an Indian labour law that aims to guarantee the 'right to work'.
• TISCO tata iron and steel company limited
• RIL reliance industries limited
• Define the following in detail 
• Primary sector
• Secondary sector
• Tertiary sector/service sector

1. What is GDP? How is it calculated?

1.  The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. It is the value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a particular year.

2. Why are only ‘final goods and services’ counted?

1.  In contrast to final goods, goods such as wheat and the wheat flour in this example are intermediate goods. Intermediate goods are used up in producing final goods and services. The value of final goods already includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used in making the final good.

3. Explain the historical change in the proportion of workers in the three sectors of the economy.  Or What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors?

1. At initial stages of development, primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity

2. The secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment.

3. In the past 100 years, there has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector in developed countries. The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production. Most of the working people are also employed in the service sector.

4. Why is the tertiary sector becoming so important in India? Or

1. First, in any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, defence, transport, banks, insurance companies, etc. are required. These can be considered as basic services. 

2. Second, the development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage. Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors, more would be the demand for such services. 

3. Third, as income levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc.  

4. Fourth, over the past decade or so, certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology have become important and essential.  

5. Name the sector which is the largest employing sector. (Primary sector)
6. Name the sector which has the most significant proportion of incoming GDP. (Tertiary sector)
7. Why would you consider Kerala a more developed state than Haryana inspite a lower per capita income?(high literacy rate)
8. What do you understand by the term Underemployment
9. What do you understand by the term Disguised unemployment
10. What do you understand by the term Casual worker
11. How can more employment be created in rural areas? (5marks)
12. Explain the characteristics of the organised sector
13. Explain the characteristics of the Unorganised sector
14. Who are the vulnerable people who need protection in the Rural areas
15. Who are the vulnerable people who need protection in the Urban areasWhy is government intervention needed in various sectors?
16. In what respects is the criteria used by the UNDP for measuring development different from one used by the World Bank?
17. How would income and employment increase if farmers were provided with irrigation and marketing facilities?
18.  Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
19. Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.
20. Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.
21. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation
22. Explain any three ways to solve the problem of underemployment?or How can more employment be created in rural areas? (5marks)

We are subservient of economics, a poem by Reginold Ajay Jacob, India

We are subservient of economics

a poem by Reginold Ajay Jacob, India

We are subservient of economics,

It's economics that divides us into parts,

The difference may not be visible,

They are present deep within our heart,

Though we try to conceal them to the utmost,

Though we try it with all our power,

The distance is just unbridgeable,

Its furrows are on our hearts.

Poor sighs because of disparities,

There are unfulfilled dreams in his hearts,

Which all his lifetime earnings,

Can't simply ever impart.

He weeps sighs and weeps alone,

Covering his poverty as shame,

This world of capitalist doing,

Who can the labourer blame?

Hiding his poverty the greatest sin,

He turns hollow from shore to shore and,

To cover that hollowness,

He has words and words in store.

He tries for a way out,

Yet he simply doth fail,

In front of capitalism,

No labourer prevails.

note: I wrote this poem in 1992.