Fundamentals of Physical Geography Class XI Question Bank

Chapter1

Geography as a discipline

1. What is geography? Why should we study geography? Give two reasons Pg.-2 1+2=3           
   
   Ans.We live on the surface of the earth.Our lives are affected by our surroundings in many ways. We depend on the resources to sustain ourselves in the surrounding areas.
   
   
   

2. Who coined the term geography? Give its two root words. 1+1+1=3                                            Ans. Eratosthenes The term geography was first coined by Eratosthenese, a Greek scholar (276-194 BC.). The word has been derived from two roots from Greek language geo (earth) and graphos (description

3. “Geography as a discipline is concerned with three sets of questions”. Explain. Pg.-3             1+1+1=3                                                                                                                                          Ans Geography as a discipline is concerned with three sets of questions: (i) Some questions are related to the identification of the patterns of naturaland cultural features as found over the surface of the earth. These are the questions about what? (ii) Some questions are related to the distribution of the natural and human/cultural features over the surface of the earth. These are the questions about where?The third question is related to the explanation or the causal relationships between features and the processes and phenomena. This aspect of geographyis related to the question, why?
4. Explain the difference between history and geography? Why is the world called a global village? Pg. -4 1+2=3                                                                                                                          Ans. Geography is a discipline of synthesis. It attempts spatial synthesis, and history attempts temporal synthesis. Its approach is holistic in nature. It recognises the fact that the world is a system of interdependencies. the present world is being perceived as a global village. The distances have been reduced by better means of transportation increasing accessibility. The audio-visual media and information technology have enriched the data base.
5. Explain the two approaches to studying geography? Name one person associated with each approach? Pg.- 7   2+1=3                                                                                                                            Ans The major approaches to study geography have been (i) Systematic and (ii) Regional. The systematic geography approach is the same as that of general geography. This approach was introduced by Alexander Von Humboldt, a German geographer (1769-1859) while regional geography approach was developed by another German geographer and a contemporary of Humboldt, Karl Ritter (1779-1859). In systematic approach, a phenomenon is studied world over as a whole,In the regional approach, the world is divided into regions at different hierarchical levels and then all the geographical phenomena in a particular region are studied

What do you understand about dualism in geography?                                                                   Ans Dualism is one of the main characteristics of geography which got introduced from the very beginning. This dualism depended on the aspect emphasised in the study. Earlier scholars laid emphasis on physical geography. But human beings are an integral part of the earth’s surface. They are part and parcel of nature. They also have contributed through their cultural development. Thus developed human geography with emphasis on human activities

Chapter-2

Origin & Evolution of earth

1. Who gave the nebular Hypothesis? Pg.-13Emmanuel kant

2. What is the other name of the Big bang theory? Pg.-13 Expanding Universe Hypothesis 

3. What are the three stages of the development of the universe according to the Big bang theory? Pg.-15 1+1+1=3 

4. What are the three stages of the development of planets? Pg.-15  1x3 =3                    The stars are localised lumps of gas within a nebula.                                     These small-rounded objects by the process of cohesion develop into what is called planetesimals.                                                                                    In the final stage, these large number of small planetesimals accrete to form a fewer large bodies in the form of planets
     

5. How was the layered structure of the earth developed?

6. What are the three stages of Evolution of the present atmosphere? 1x3 =3 
   

7. Define the following

• Galaxy  A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity.

• Nebula A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity. 

• Light year  A light-year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one a year (365.25 days).

• Planetesimals Planetesimals are small rock fragments that were the seeds of the current planets. As the solar system formed from a nebula, gases and molecules combined and grew larger and larger. Gravity was the driving force that allowed the planetesimals to collide into each other as they orbited the young Sun

• Degassing  The process through which the gases were outpoured from the interior is called degassing.

• Solar winds

• Differentiation

Chapter3

Interior of the Earth

1. Define the following: - 

1. Focus. 

2. Tsunami  

3. Asthenosphere  

4. Magma  

5. Epicenter. 

2. What are the three indirect sources about the interior of the earth? Explain. 1+1+1=3  

3. What is an earthquake? 1+1+1=3  

4. Write a short note on the shadow zone. 3 x 1 = 3

5. Distinguish between body waves and surface waves. 1+1+1=3  

6. Differentiate between Primary waves and secondary waves? 1+1+1=3  

7. Explain the five types of Volcanoes. 5x1=5  

8. Explain the five types of earthquakes. 5x1=5  

9. Explain the structure of the earth?  5x1=5  

10. Explain the five intrusive forms of volcanic landforms. 5x1=5 

Chapter-4

DISTRIBUTION OF OCEANS AND CONTINENTS

1. Multiple choice questions.

    (i) Who amongst the following was the first to consider the possibility of Europe, Africa and America having been located side by side.(c) Abraham Ortelius

   (ii) Polar fleeing force relates to:(c) Rotation of the earth

   (iii) Which one of the following is not a minor plate?(d) Antarctica

   (iv) Which one of the following facts was not considered by those while discussing the concept of sea floor spreading?(c) Distribution of fossils in different continents.

    (v) Which one of the following is the type of plate boundary of the Indian plate along the Himalayan mountains?(d) Continent-continent convergence

   2. Answer the following questions.

   (i) How are the convectional currents in the mantle initiated and maintained?

   (ii) What were the major post-drift discoveries that rejuvenated the interest of scientists in the study of distribution of oceans and continents

2. Define the following: Pg 27               

1. Pangaea

2. Hotspots 

3. Panthalassa

3. Who proposed the theory of continental drift? Explain four pieces of evidence is that support this theory.Pg 27   1+4=5

4. What were the two forces suggested by Wegener that forced the drifting of the continents? Pg27 1x2=2

5. Who gave the convectional current theory ? Explain its basic postulates .3x1=3
1. The convectional current theory was proposed by Arthur Holmes in the 1930s. This theory suggests that convection currents within the Earth's mantle, driven by radioactive decay, are responsible for the movement of tectonic plates and the formation of geological features like mountains. 

6. Explain the concept of seafloor spreading. Give arguments in favor of seafloor spreading. HESS 

7. What is the rim of fire? Why is it called so? Give reasons for the same. 

1. The Ring of Fire, also known as the Circum-Pacific Belt, is a horseshoe-shaped zone around the Pacific Ocean characterized by frequent and intense seismic and volcanic activity. It's called the Ring of Fire because it's a geologically active region where the majority of the world's earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. 

8. Explain the three major ocean floor configurations. 

9. Who gave the theory of plate tectonics? McKenzie, Parker and Morgan

10. What are the two main sources of heat within the earth?1/2 +1/2=1 

11. Name the plate which has minimum rate of plate movement. The Arctic Ridge

12. Name the plate which has maximum rate of plate movement.  East Pacific Rise

12. What are the 2 types of plates on the basis of size and configeration?  Give two examples of each.    2+1=3 

Chapter-5

Geomorphic processes 

Multiple choice questions.
 (i)Which one of the following processes is a gradational process? (d) Erosion

 (ii) Which one of the following materials is affected by hydration process?Salts
 (iii) Debris avalanche can be included in the category of: (c) Rapid flow mass movements
 

Answer the following questions
 (i)What are the various mobile and mighty exogenic geomorphic agents and
 what is the prime job they perform?
 (ii)“Our earth is a playfield for two opposing groups of geomorphic processes.”
 Discuss.
 (iii) Exogenic geomorphic processes derive their ultimate energy from the sun’s
 heat. Explain.

1.  Distinguish between Exogenic and Endogenic forces. Pg 37

2. What is gradation? Explain its two components? pg 37

3. Distinguish between Aggradation and  Degradation .Pg 37

4. What are the four main factors for endogenic processes? pg 38

5. What do you understand about diastrophism? Explain its four types?pg38

6. What are geomorphic agents. Explain?pg38

7. Explain the Importance of gravity and gradient in framing relief features?pg46

8. What is the main source of energy for an Exogenic forces?pg47

9.  Name the two elements that cause Weathering Weather and Climate 

10. What are the three types of Weathering? 

• Chemical Weathering/ Physical and /Biological Weathering 

11. What are the differences cause in chemical weathering?  Carbonation/ Hydration and /Reduction of the rock 

12. The Physical And Chemical Weathering depend on some applied force can be…Gravitational Force and Expansion Force 

13. What are the agents in Biological Weathering ?Earthworm(kechua)/Termites (dimak)/Rodents (rat)

14. What is denudation? what are the processes concerned under denudation?pg47

15. What do you understand by weathering?Explain its significance. pg48

16. Explain the three major groups of weathering?.pg48

17. What is soil? Explain the process of soil formation? Pg45

18. What are the five factors that influence soil formation?

19. Explain  nitrogen fixation.pg 45

           

Chapter-7

Composition and Structure of Atmosphere

1. Describe the composition of the atmosphere? 

2. Explain the role carbon dioxide, oxygen,and ozone in atmosphere.1+1+1=3 

3. Explain in brief the importance of the following: -  

1. Troposphere  

2. Stratosphere  

3. Ionosphere  

4. What are the elements of weather and climate? 1/2X6=3  

5. Explain Structure of atmosphere.

Chapter8

Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature

1.  DEFINE-

1. Isolation  

2. Aphelion  

3. Perihelion

4.   Isolation

5. Terrestrial radiation  

2. The atmosphere is mainly heated by the………………….

3. What are the five factors that affect insolation?

4. Name the three ways in which earth's atmosphere gets heated? Explain each in detail. 1+3=4  

5. Why does the sky appear red or blue? Why do subtropical deserts have maximum heat? What is the major cause for the heating of the earth?                                            1+1+1=3  

6. What are the five factors that influence the temperature of air?                                                                 5x1=5

7. Distinguish between insolation and terrestrial radiation. 1+1+1=3  

8. What are the four factors that affect insolation? 1x4=4             

9. What is precipitation? Explain four forms of precipitation. 1+4=5 

10. Discuss the processes through which the earth-atmosphere system maintains heat balance.

11. Explain the albedo of the earth.

12. What is the main cause of the heating of the atmosphere? Why?

13. Name a gas that traps heat? Co2

14. Explain heat budget.

15. What is the heat balance or heat budget of the earth?

16. What are isotherms?

17. Explain air drainage?

18. What do you understand about the normal lapse rate?

19. What do you understand by inversion of temperature? Pg87

    
    

Chapter-10

Water in the atmosphere

1. Define:-

• Absolute humidity, 

• Relative humidity, 

• Saturated air, 

• Dew point,

• Evaporation, 

• Latent heat of temp, 

• Condensation, 

• Sublimation, 

• Humidity, 

• Hygroscopic nuclei (pg 98)

2. What are the factors that affect condensation? (pg 99)

3. What are the 4 types of condensation? (pg 99)

4. What are the 4 types of clouds? (pg99)

5. Name the three types of precipitation. Explain each in detail.

6. What are forms of condensation? Describe the process of dew and frost formation

7. Explain relative humidity? How is it different from absolute humidity? 1+2=3

8. Explain the world distribution of rainfall?

9. What are the three type’s rainfalls? Explain in detail.

Chapter- 12 

(WATER)

Page no 99

1. Why is the earth called a blue planet?

2. Explain the hydrological cycle.

3. Name four major divisions of the ocean floor. explain each division in detail 

4. Name the four major oceans 

5. ---------- percentage of land is covered with water 

6. Why do continental shelves have large deposits of petroleum 

7. Explain the five major divisions of the seafloor. give examples 

8. Explain the five minor divisions of the seafloor. give examples
   

9. What are the four factors that affect the temperature of water explain each in detail 

10. Explain the temperature structure of ocean waters over the middle and lower latitudes 

11. Explain the term thermocline 

12. What are the factors that affect ocean salinity 

13. What is salinity 

14. What is the average temperature of the surface water

India - People and Economy class XII Question Bank

  

Chapter -1

Population

Distribution, Density Growth and Composition

1.  What is the source of population data in India? CENSUS OF INDIA
• Population data are collected through Census operation held every 10 years in our country 
2. Explain the distribution of population in India . (P-1)
3.  When did the first census held in India? 1872 
4.  When was the first compete census held in India? 1881
5.  Name the most populated country of the world. CHINA
6.  Name the second populated country of the world. INDIA
7. What do you understand by density of population? P-3
1. Total population divided by total area is density of population
8. What is the spatial distribution of population in India according (state wise) to density? P-3
1. 
   
9. Map question figure 1.2
• a.   Which state/union territory has the highest density of population? Give reasons for it.
• b.   Name a state in the north/northwest/northeast which has less than 200 persons per sq. km. P-4
10. What do you understand by growth of population? What are the two components of population growth? Discuss P-5BIRTH RATE- DEATH RATE +-MIGRATION
11. What is the annual growth rate of Indian population? P-5
12. What are the three factors that influence population growth?BIRTH RATE- DEATH RATE +-MIGRATION
• 12..A {table 1.1} Which year recorded negative growth rate? 1921
• B {table 1.1} What do you understand by decadal growth rate?P-5
13. What is population -doubling time. P-5
• Population doubling time is the time taken by any population to double itself at its current annual growth rate.
14.  What are the four distinct phases of growth experience by India in the last century? P- Important
15. Which state has the highest growth of population? P-6 figure 1.3 Bihar
16. What are the challenges that confront the adolescents? P-8
17. What do you understand by youth empowerment? What does the national youth policy envisage? Give three points. P-8
18. What is the religion composition of India also elaborate the specific distribution? P-9 Important
19.  What are the two major language groups of India? P-9
20. Name the four language families in India.  P-10 Important
21. Which one of them does the largest number of people in the country speak? Identify any four states in which speak in this language. P-10 
22. What are the two major language families in India?       P-10 INDO ARYAN AND DRAVADIAN
23. Why is the work participation rate higher in areas of lower level of economic development? P-11
24.  What are the four major categories working population in India in accordance to census? P-11
25. How can Main worker and Marginal worker be distinguished? P-11 183WORKING DAYS  Important 
26. What is the importance sacred structure in the landscape of an urban area? P-11
27. Which state with lowest percentage of cultivators? P-12 figure 1.4BOARD QUESTIONS

            CHAPTER 1 

One mark questions 

3. Define the term ‘population distribution’. DELHI 2015 P-1

4. How is density of population of a region is calculated ? All india 2015 (Book 1 P-9)

5. Who are the ‘ marginal workers in india’?ALL INDIA 2014 (P-11)

6. Mention any 2 causes of the negative growth rate of population in India during (1911-21)DELHI 2013 (P-7)

7. What is the density of population if india according to 2011 census? DELHI 2013 (P-3)bihar

8. According to census which state if india having the highest density of population and also mention its density. DELHI 2009 (P-3)

10. What is the main thrust of the national youth policy of govt of india ? ALL INDIA 2016 (P-8) (it’s NYP - 2014 now, as given in our book)

11. ‘The decades 1951-81 are referred to as the period of population explosion in india’ explain the statement by giving 3 reasons .ALL INDIA 2014 (P-7)

12. Explain any 6 causes for the stagnation growth of india’s population from 1901 to 1921. ALL INDIA 2014,11 (P-7)

13. Explain the main aspects of the ‘ national youth policy ‘ of government of india launched in 2003.ALL INDIA 2014 (P-8)

14. Which are the two main components of population growth in india? Describe the main feature of each component.DELHI 2009 (P-5)

15. Explain the specific distribution of population density in india. ALL INDIA 2009 (P-3

17. ‘An uneven distribution of population suggests a close relationship between population and physical and socio economic factors’ support the statement with suitable examples. ALL INDIA 2017 (P-3)

18. What is density of population? Describe the spatial variations of population density in india. DELHI 2015 (P-3)

20. Define the term ‘ growth of population’describe the third phase of growth of population in india.ALL INDIA 2015 (P-5 & 7)

21. What is population doubling time? Explain the characteristics of the growth of population in india in phase 1 and phase 2 .ALL INDIA 2015 (P- 5 & 7)

22. Why has population of india been increasing steadily in period of 1931-51? Explain any 3 reasons.Delhi 2014 ( P- 7)

23. Explain with example the occupational structure of india’s population.DELHI 2011 ( P - 1)

The 2011 Census has divided the working population of India into four major categories:

1. Cultivators

2. Agricultural Labourers

3. Household Industrial Workers

4. Other Workers.

Human Settlements

1. Give the meaning of human settlement 
• Human Settlement means cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live
2. Distinguish between Rural & Urban settlement. P-15
3. What are the various factors and conditions responsible for different types of rural settlement in india? P-16
• (i) physical features –nature of terrain, altitude, climate and availability of water 
• (ii) cultural and ethenic factors – social structure, caste and religion
• (iii) security factors – defence against thefts and robberies
4. What are the four types of rural settlements discuss? P-16
• Rural settlements in India can broadly be put into four types:
• • Clustered, agglomerated or nucleated,
• • Semi-clustered or fragmented,
• • Hamleted, and
• • Dispersed or isolated
5. State any three characterizes of clustered rural settlement in India. p-16
6. Which type of rural settlements in India includes Para,Palla,Nagla,Dhaini? HAMLETED SETTLEMENT p-16
7. Name the three types towns in accordance to their evolution?P-17
8. What two factors have helped in development of ancient towns in india? P-17
• There are number of towns in India having historical background spanning over 2000 years. Most of them developed as religious and cultural centres.
9. Give any examples or ancient historical towns in bihar.Pataliputra (Patna),
10. Many of the modern towns in India were developed during the period of British. Explain in brief.
11. Name the largest metropolitan city of India? MUMBAI
12. Explain about the three different types of towns, which have developed since independence? P-18
13. How is the level of urbanisation measured in india. 
• The level of urbanisation is measured in terms of percentage of urban population to total population
14. Explain the functional classification of towns and cities in India on the basis of dominant or specialized function give suitable example of each? P-18
15. Give any 2 examples of mining towns in India. 
• These towns have developed in mineral rich areas such as Raniganj, Jharia, Digboi, Ankaleshwar, Singrauli, etc.

• What is the meaning of rural settlement . All india 2008 pg-15
• What makes rural settlement different from urban settlement in india. Explain. Delhi 2015 pg-15
• Differentiate between ‘hamleted’ and ‘dispersal’ rural settlement of india. Delhi 2016 pg-16
• Explain any 3 physical factor responsible for different types of rural settlement in india. Delhi 2015 pg-16
• Explain any 4 factors that determine the type of rural settlements in india . Delhi 2011 pg-16
• Explain any 3 characteristics of clustered rural settlement of india. Delhi 2015 pg-16
• Explain any 3 features if semi clustered rural settlements of india. All india 2015 pg-16
• Name any 3 factors that determine the clustered or compact rural settlement in india. All india 2011 pg-16
• Distinguished between clustered and dispersed rural settlement of india by stating 3 points of distinctions of each . All india 2008 pg-16
• Give the meaning of ‘dispersed settlement’. Explain any two reasons for the development of such settlement in india. Delhi 2014 pg-16
• Explain the evolution of town in India in 3 points. All india 2012 pg-17
• What are ancient towns. ? Give four examples if ancient towns of india. Delhi 2012 pg-17

Chapter-3

LAND RESOURCES & AGRICULTURE

1. Distinguish between
1. Reporting area & geographical area P-21
2. Actual forest cover & area classified under forest P-21
3. Current fallow/fallow other than current fall/ culturable wasteland P-22
2. Explain the three types of changes in economy that affect land pattern. P-22
3. What is the difference between actual increase and rate of increase? P-24
4. What is the meaning ‘ common  resources property’ . pg-24
5. How is land resources more crucial to the livelihood of the people depending on agriculture ‘ support the statement with any 3 suitable arguments . pg-24
6. Explain the advantage south in terms of cropping season. P-25
7. How is the cropping intensely calculated in India. P-25
8. What are the three cropping seasons of India? Which crops are grown in each season with respect to northern & southern? P-25
9. Distinguish between
1.  Protective& productive irrigation P-25
2.  Irrigated & rain fed P-25
3.  Dry farming& wet land farming P-26
10. How is productive irrigation able to achieve high productivity in India. pg-26
11. What was the impact of green revolution on the rice? P-26
12. Name the important cereal crop of India.P-26
• fine grains (rice, wheat) and 
• coarse grains (jowar, bajra, maize, ragi),
13.  Give the names of any two states, which are important producers of each of these crops? P-26
14. Name the staple food crop of India.RICE What are the three varieties of rice grown in west Bengal? P-26 AUS,AMAN &BORO
15. What are the two types of cotton varieties grown in India? Name three cotton producing regions of India .P-32
16. What is the use of jute? Explain the impact of partition on jute production.P-32
17. What is the geographical condition for the growth sugarcane?   P-32
18. Name the two regions where sugarcane is produced in India? P-32
19. What are three varieties of coffee? Which state produces maximum amount of coffee? Pg-34
20. Explain the impact of partition on Indian agriculture.P-34 
21. What was the immediate goal of govt. to increase the food grain production? P-34
22. What was the goal of Indian govt. immediately after Independence in terms of self sufficiency? P-34
• After Independence, the immediate goal of the Government was to increase foodgrains production by 
• (i) switching over from cash crops to food crops; 
• (ii) intensification of cropping over already cultivated land; and
•  (iii) increasing cultivated area by bringing cultivable and fallow land under plough. 
23. How did the Indian Govt. want to increase the food grain production after independence?P-34
24. Explain the impact of technology in increasing the agricultural out put in India. Give three points in this regards.Pg-36
25. How dependence on monsoon become a major problem of Indian agriculture? Give four points. p-37
26. What are the problems confronting Indian agriculture?p-37

BOARD QUESTIONS 

1. What is the contribution of india in the production if rice in the world.  Delhi 2011 22.7%
2. Explain the term cropping intensity. 
3. Classify indian farming into 2 groups on the basis of main source of moistures for crops . Write 2 features of each. All india 2010 pg-25
4. Explain the importance of irrigation for agriculture in india. Delhi 2016 pg-26
5. Differentiatie between protective irrigation and productive irrigation. Delhi 2015 pg-26
6. Explain 3 features of dryland farming in india. Delhi 2013 P-26
7. Describe 3 characteristics of wetland farming in india. Delhi 2013 pg-26
8. Explain thé importance of food grains in indian agriculture economy . Describe any 3 characteristics of rice cultivation. Hots, delhi 2016 pg-26
9. Analyse any 5 major problems of indian agriculture . Hots, all india 2016 pg-36
10. Erratic monsoon ‘ and ‘indebtedness’ are the major problems of indian agriculture. Suggest and explain the suggestion to overcome these problems. Delhi 2009 pg-37
11. ‘Low productivity and fragmentation of land holding are the major problems of indian agriculture’ suggest and explain measures to overcome these problems. Hots,  delhi 2016 pg-37
12. How is the small size of land holdings and degradation of cultivable land are the 2 major problems of indian agriculture. Explain both these problems with examples. Delhi 2009/All india 2015 pg-37
13. How is the degradation of cultivable land one of thé serious problems in India. Explain in 3 points. Delhi 2011 pg-39
14. Explain the 3 types of changes that have affected land use in india. Delhi 2010 pg-

Chapter-4

 Water Resources 

1. What are the sources of surface water? P-41 
2. Describe any three major problems related to water in India. Pg-44
3. Why is conservation of water resource necessary? Explain any four methods of conserving water 2003-2004. P-45
4. What are the various legal measures that have been take to control of water pollution? P-46
5. What is water shed management?p-47
6. What is haryalies? Explain the meaning of rainwater harvesting. P-47
7. Give three suitable examples discuss how watershed management plays an important role in sustainable development. P-47
8. What is rainwater harvesting? State any four objectives of rain water harvesting. Why do we need it in India .Give four reasons? P-50
9. How has rain water harvesting helped in the development of certain areas in India? Explain with examples . (All india 2016) Pg-50
10. Why is demand of water for irrigation increasing day by day in India? Explain any three reasons. Pg-50
11. Describe any 3 key features of India’s national water policy, 2002.  Pg50
12. Give appropriate heading to the figure. P-49
13. How is it helpful discuss                                            
14. Explain the meaning of water quality. Why is the quality of water in India deteriorating? Give any two reasons. 1+2=3

BOARD QUESTIONS

• Mention any 2 sources of water pollution in india. (Delhi 2015) 
• Define the watershed management. (All india 2014 ) Pg-6
• Which is the main sources of waterborne disease in india. (All india 2014,09) Pg-65/66
• Name any 2 natural sources of water pollution. (Delhi 2012) Pg-65/66
• Mention any 2 cumulative activities responsible for water pollution in india. (Delhi 2009) Pg-66
• What is the main reason of degradation of the quality of water in india. (Delhi 2008) Pg-65
• Which are the 2 polluted stretches of river ganga in UP? (All india 2008) Pg-66 
• How do industries pollute india’s water bodies? Explain with examples.
• Examine any 3 causes for the deterioration of quality of water in india. Pg-4
• Explain any 3 factors responsible for depletion of water resources. 

Chapter 5

 Mineral and energy resources

1. What are the two types of metallic minerals? What are the types of non- metallic minerals? P-53
2. What are the characters of minerals? P-54
3. Name the two areas of Orissa where iron is located.P-55
4. Name the two major ores of iron. What are the advantages of Northeastern plateau in terms of steel industry? P-55
5. Prepare a state wise chart of iron distribution. Show two regions where iron is present. P-55
6. What are the two uses of manganese? Name the geological formation where manganese is usually present. -55
7. Name the ore of aluminum. P-57
8. What are the various sectors that use of energy? P-57
9. What are the uses of mica? What are its characters? Name the two states of it is located? P-57
10. What are the uses of copper? Name two states that produce copper. P-57
11. What are the uses of coal? In which geological formation is coal formed. P-59
12. Where is brown coal/lignite found in India? P-59
13. How is coal a source of raw materials & a source of fuel? P-59
14. Name the two varieties of coal. P-59
15. What is crude oil? P-59
16. What are the two types of refineries in India? Give one example of each. P-59
17. Name the pipe line shown in the figure .What does it transport?How is help full in development of country? p-60
18. What are the uses of petroleum? Give any two. Where does crude oil petroleum occur in India? Explain its spatial distribution. P-59
19. Name the organization that undertakes transportation & market of natural gas in India. P-61
20. Name a rich source of thorium in south India. P-61
21. Name the various sources of non-conventional energy. What are its main advantages? P-61
22. Name important nuclear power project of India also give the state in they are located. P-61
23. What are the advantages of solar energy? Explain its uses. P-61
24. What is bio energy? Name plant where bio energy is used. P-64
25. What are the advantages of wind energy? Where is the largest wind power plant in Asia? P-64
26. Why should we conserve mineral resources? P-64
27. Explain about the three mineral belts of India.1×3=3 P-54

Chapter 5 

                                    BOARD QUESTIONS

1. Classify mineral on the basis of chemical and physical properties (All India 2017) Pg-54

2. Name the river valley where gondwana coals fields of india are located. P-59 Damodar river valley

Explain one reason for the importance of petroleum and its product in large qualities in india. (All India 2016) Pg-59

3. Name any 2 ferrous minerals other than iron ore. (All India 2011) ANS: Manganese, Nickel

4. Name the place of Maharashtra where an atomic bomb power station is located. (All india 2010) ANS: Tarapur P-61

6. Which are the 2 types of iron ore found in india. (All india 2008) Pg-55

7. "The promotion of the use of non conventional sources of energy un India in the need of the hour"-- Support thé statement. (HOTS,Delhi 2016) Pg-61

8. Explain the significance of bio energy to humankind in india. (All india 2016) Pg-64

9. Explain any 3 main characteristics of minerals resources in india. (Delhi 2014) Pg-54

10. Give 2 advantages of copper. Mention 4 mining areas of copper in india. (Delhi 2013) Pg-76

11. Give 2 advantages of manganese. Mention 4 mining areas of manganese in india. (Delhi 2013) Pg-75,77

12. Give 2 advantaged of wind energy. Mention 4 states of india having favourable conditions for the development of it. (Delhi 2013) Pg-82,83

13. Describe the uneven distribution of minerals and energy resources in india by giving 2 suitable examples. (Hots,Delhi 2012) Pg-73,76

14. Describe the broad belts of minerals in india. (All india 2012) Pg-73

15. ‘’Conversation of minerals is more important than other resources’, explain by giving 3 arguments. (Hots,All india 2012) Pg-83

16. What is the use of manganese ? Describe the statewide distribution of manganese in india. (Delhi 2008) Pg-75,77

17.Classify minerals Into two groups on the basis of chemical and physical properties and give one example of minerals of each group.Mention any two features of the three minerals belts of India. (Delhi 2009) Pg-72,73

18. What is the use of manganese?Describe the State wise distribution of manganese in India. (All india 2009) Pg-75,77

Chapter 6

Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

1. When was Neeti Ayog formed?
• On 1 January 2015, the NITI Aayog was formed.
2. What are the two approaches of planning? Differentiate between them. 
• There are two approaches to planning, i.e., 
• Sectoral planning and 
• Regional planning
3. What is sectoral planning.P-67
4. Explain in brief the meaning and purpose of target area program with suitable examples from India. p-67
5. In which 5 year plan of india were hill area development programs initiated.FifthP-67
6. ”Hill area development programmes in India were drawn keeping in view their topographical ecological,social and economic conditions.”Support this statement with suitable explanation.P-67
7. What is the main objective to implement the fourth five year plan in the people in drought prone areas.Delhi 2009     P67 
8. What is the target area planning approach? Name some specific plans concerned under this approach. P-105
9. How has the gaddi tribal community of bharmaur region maintained a distinct identity.All india 2013’, 
• bharmaur region The  tribal community who have maintained a distinct identity in the Himalayan region as they practised transhumance and conversed through Gaddiali dialec


10. Describe the three main points of integrated tribal development project in Bharmur region. P-69
11. Explain the main aims of bharmaur tribal area development plan .
12. What do you understand by sustainable development? P-70
13. Development is a multi dimensional concept and signifies the positive, irreversible transformation of the economy, society and environment. Support the statement with suitable arguments from India
14. What steps have been taken to promote sustainable development?p-70
15. How would you define ecological,Social and economic sustainabilities?
16. Give a brief account into two stages of Indira Gandhi Canal project.
17. Name the feature shown in the figure. P-71
18. Name the states that it covers.
19. What are the two types of canals that this feature has?
20. Explain about the importance Indira Gandhi Canal in the development of Rajasthan. Distinguish between flow canals & lift canal. P-
21. How has the introduction of Indira Gandhi Canal irrigation the drylands of Rajasthan influence the environmental conditions of the region positively?Explain in any three points.
22. Examine the twin environmental problem emerged in the indra gandhi canal command areas . P72
• problems of waterlogging and soil salinity
23. What is the problem that confronts the Indira Gandhi Canal? P-
24. Describe any five measures to control sustainably in Indira Gandhi Canal. p-73
25. Write in brief the physical activity of bharmaur region. 
26. Describe five main points of the integrated tribal development project implemented in Bharmaur region.All India 2008
27. Explain any five measures necessary for the promotion of sustainable development in ‘Indira Gandhi Canal command area’.All India 2009
28. Suppose you have given the power to modify the planning process. How would you use this power wisely and what would be your plan? Explain with reasons. Hota, All India 2008

Chapter 7

 Transport and Communication 76-84

1. Complete the following table by writing in your answer book the appropriate name of item. P-75
2.  Explain scharacters of road transport in India. P-75
3.   Differentiate between national highway & state highway . P-76
4.  Who built the shahi road? Name the two areas that it connected. p-76
• Sher Shah Suri built the Shahi (Royal) road to strengthen and consolidate his empire from the Indus Valley to the Sonar Valley in Bengal
5.  The name given to shahi road during the British period was------Name its two segments today. P-76
6.  Which category of road in India constitutes just 2% of total length but carry 40% of total road traffic. P-76
7.  Which roads cover the minimum length? NATIONAL HIGHWAY 2% Give its importance. P-76
8.  Name the World’s longest Highway tunnel — Atal Tunnel
9. Name head quarter of the Northern railway zone of India. New DelhiP-79
10. What are three gauge of Indian railway? P-79
11. Name the major steps taken to improve haulage as well speed of Indian railways. P-80 ANS - STEAM engines have been replaced by diesel and electric engines. This step has increased the speed, as well as, the haulage capacity
12. Name the railway, which is considered, as an engineering marvel. Also, discuss its features.Konkan Railway P-80
13. What types of goods transported by waterway? Explain the advantages of waterway. passenger and cargo p-80
14. Name the authority responsible for maintaining the inland waterway.Inland Waterways Authority P-81
15. Name the stretch of national waterway of India. P-81
    1. NW 1 Prayagraj–Haldia
    2. NW 2 Sadiya-Dhubri stretch
    3. NW 3 Kottapuram-Kollam
16. the famous Nehru trophy race held in___________ P-82
17. What are the advantages of air transport .p-82
18. 1. Air transport is the fastest means of movement from one place to the other. 
    2. It has reduceddistances by minimising the travel time. 
    3. It is essential for a vast country like India, where distances are large and the terrain and climatic conditions are diverse.
19. What is the importance of pawan Hans helicopter?p-82
20. 1. Pawan Hans is the helicopter service operating in hilly areas and is widely used by tourists in north-eastern sector.
    2. Pawan Hans Limited mainly provides helicopter services to petroleum sector and for tourism
21. Name the Asia’s first cross country pipeline.P-82
22. Name ancient means of communication. 
    1. In earlier times,the messages were delivered by beating the drum or hollow tree trunks, giving indications through smoke or fire or with the help of fast runners. Horses, camels, dogs, birds and other animals were also used to send messages.
23. What are the various developments in communication arena? P-
    1. Invention of postoffice, telegraph, printing press, telephone,satellite, etc has made the communication muchfaster and easier. Development in the field of science and technology has significantlycontributed in bringing about revolution in the field of communication
24. On the basis of scale and quality, the mode of communication can be divided into following categories
1. Personal Communication System
2. Mass Communication System
25. Explain the importance of internet in connecting world. P-83
26. What is the importance of all India radio? p-83
27. What is the importance of TELEVISION? p-83
28. Name the headquarters of Northern Railway Zone of India. 1
29. Name the stretch of National Waterway No. 1 of India. 1
30. Name the four national high ways also mention their terminals. 1/2X8=4

One mark questions

1.Why did Sher Shah Suri built Shahi ( Royal) Road? Delhi 2015

•  To controal his empire 
• for trade 

2.Explain the term golden Quadrilateral?Delhi 2015 

3.What is satellite communication? All India 2014

4.Why is the density of rural roads very role in the hilly areas of India? Give one reason. Delhi 2013

5.State the main function of border Road organisation. All India 2013

6.The main function of national highways authority of India. All India 2013

7.What a national highways? Delhi 2012

8.Name the headquarter of South Central Railway zone. Delhi 2012

9.Which is the eastern terminal city of East West corridor? All India 2012

10.Name the railway line that was constructed between Roha in Maharashtra and Mangalore in Karnataka. All India 2012

11.Name the air services which is widely used in the hilly areas of North Eastern sector of India. All India 2011

12.What was the main aim behind establishing in border Road organisation in India? Delhi 2008

Three marks questions

13.Describe any three advantages of satellite communication in India. Delhi 2014

14.The distribution of roads in India is not uniform examine the statement by giving three reasons. Hots,All India 2014

15.Describe any three advantages of pipelines as a means of transport in India. All India 2014

16.What are the three categories to the track of Indian Railways? Write any one feature of each.Delhi 2010

17.What are the two types of roads included under the category of ‘other roads’ in India? Write any two features of each. Delhi 2010

18.Write any six characteristics of Road transport in India. Delhi 2009

19.Which is the most effective and advanced personal communication system in India?Explain any fourcharacteristics of it. Delhi 2009

20.Mention any six advantages of oceanic Routes.Delhi 2009

21.Why is the Indian railway system divided into 16 zones? Name the headquarters of Eastern,Western Norther and southern zones.all India 2009

22.Describe any three characteristics of state highways of India. All India 2008

5 MARK QUESTIONS

23.The distribution of road is not uniform in India? Explain with examples. Delhi 2016

24.Which is the apex body in India the quality of national highways? Examine the significance of national highways. All India 2016

25.Examine the role of Inland waterways authority of India. All India 2016

26.”Indian Railways Brought people of diverse cultures together.”Support the statement with suitable examples. Hots ,all India 2015

27.What are the national highways? Explain any for uses of national highways in India. Delhi 2013

28.Define the term Road density. Explain with examples the two main determinants of road density in India. Delhi 2011

29.How are Indian Railways contributing to the growth of national economy? Explain with examples. All India 2011

30.What is the importance of air transport? Describe any four characteristics of air transport system of India. All India 2010

31.What is the importance of Water  transport?Describe in brief water transport system of India. All India 2010

Chapter 8

International Trade 

1.  Name any two states, which have two major ports? 
• West bengal -Kolkata & Haldia
• Tamilnadu - Chennai & Tuticorin 
2.  Name a port of Maharashtra which has relived pressure on the existing major ports? 
• Jawaharlal Nehru Port at Nhava Sheva was developed as a satellite port to relieve the pressure at the Mumbai port
3. Name a port of Tamil nadu, which has relived pressure on the existing major ports? 
•  Ennore was also developed to relieve the pressure of Chennai port
4. Why is Mumbai port a unique port? Give three reasons. P-90
• It is a natural harbour and the biggest port of the country. 
• The port is 20 km long and 6-10 km wide with 54 berths  
• It is the country’s largest oil terminal. 
5. Which port has the largest oil terminal?P-Kandla
6.  Which port is known as queen of Arabian Sea? kochi
7.  Name the port, which has the deepest harbour? Visakhapatnam Port
8.  Name the biggest port of India. Mumbai Which is also a natural harbour? 
1.   
9.  What are the advantages of air transport? 
   • Air transport plays an important role in the international trade.
   • It has the advantage of taking the least time for carriage and handling high value or perishable goods over long distances
10. Distinguish between a port and a harbor.
                        

             BOARD QUESTIONS

One mark questions

1. Name the sea port which was constructed to reduce the congestion of Kolkata port. Haldia 
2. Name the major sea port which was developed  just after independence on the western coast of India. Deendayal Port (Kandla port)
3. Name the port develop as a satellite port to relieve the pressure at Mumbai airport. Jawaharlal Nehru Port at Nhava Sheva
4.  Give the meaning of the term hinterland. Delhi 2013
5. Name the major sea port located on the Hooghly river. Kolkata Port
6. Which port has been developed to relieve the pressure of Chennai airport? Ennore
7. Which one of the Indian seaport provide support facilities to its landlocked to neighbouring countries?Kolkata Port Name any one such country. Bhutan and Nepal
8. Name the oldest artificial sea port of India.Chennai Port
9.  Most of India’s foreign trade is carried through sea routes”.Explain the statement giving three reasons. Hot is, all India 2014
10. ”Despite the setback caused by the petition, Indian ports continue to grow after the independence.”Support the statement with examples.Hots,Delhi 2012
11. Describe in brief the changing nature of export items in international trade of India. All India 2009
12. Write any five features of changing patterns of the composition of India’s import. Delhi 2008

Chapter 9

Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

1. What is the criteria for the classification of pollution?  95
2. What are the four type of pollution?p-95
3. What are the natural sources of water pollution? p-95 
4. Mention any two sources of water pollutants created by humans.p-95
5. What are the causes of water pollution? 
6. Name a major water polluting industries.p-95
7. Name the two cities of UP that are mainly responsible for polluting river ganga/Yamuna   p-96
8. Name the A caused by contamination of water p-96
9. Mention any two diseases caused by contaminated water.
10. Name to Metropolitan cities which are the main polluters of river Ganga before it reaches Varanasi. P-96
11. Which city is the main polluter of river Yamuna? Delhi 2010 P-96
12. Name the various diseases caused by air pollution?p-97
13. What are the three sources of air pollution in Indiap-97
14. Name any to diseases that are caused by air-pollution. All India 2012
15. Which type of pollution causes various diseases related to the respiratory system?  p-97
16. Describe three major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India. 3x1=3 p-98
17. What is the main sources noise pollution? Name the unit in which noise pollution is express in measured. P-98
18. What is solid waste? What are the two solid sources of solid waste? P-98
19. How is solid waste leading to increase in various diseases? Discuss. P-99
20. Mention any two sources of land pollution in India.
21. Name the largest slum of Asia. Explain about the life of this slum. How does this slum represent a great contrast? p-102
22. Discuss about the condition of the slums. P-103
23. What are various causes of land degradation? Explain about the classification of wasteland as per NRSA. P-103
24. What were the problems confronting Jhabua district? What are the steps have been taken to improve the condition of this area? P-104
25. 
    

• Mention the root cause of acid rains. Delhi 2011
• Is the main source of environmental pollution in India? All India 2010
• Mention any two cultural activities responsible for water pollution in India. Delhi 2009
• Which is the main source of water borne diseases in India? Name any one water borne disease. All India 2009
• Examine the success of watershed management programme implemented in Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh. Hot is, all India 2016
• Define the term air-pollution. Explain any two harmful effects of air-pollution. Delhi 2015
• How is environment pollution caused? Mention four types of pollution responsible for the environmental degradation. Delhi 2015
• How do industries pollute India’s water bodies? Explain with examples. Delhi 2015
• What is noise pollution? Explain any for sources of noise. All India 2015
• State any two major sources of air-pollution in India.How is air-pollution harmful to human health? Explain. Hots, Delhi 2008
• Explain any three consequences of air pollution. All India 2015

• Why is the urban waste disposal a serious problem in India? Explain any three reasons. Delhi 2014
• 20.Describe any three major problems of slums in India? All India ,Delhi 2014
• How is the degradation of cultivable land one of the serious problems in India? Explain in any three points. Delhi 2010
• ”Indiscriminate use of water by increasing population and industrial expansion has led to the degradation of water quality considerably in India.”Play in the values that can help maintaining the quality of water. Hots, all India 2017
•  land degradation caused by human made processes are more harmful that natural processes in india’ Analyse the statement with 3 suitable examples . Delhi 2010 pg-

THERE ARE NO FIVE MARK QUESTIONS OF CHAPTER 12